![A bin filled with geoducks](/s3/styles/full_width/s3/2024-04/DSC05053.jpg?itok=yhcRm7p3)
A bin of farmed geoducks. Credit: Megan Ewald/NOAA Fisheries
About the Species
![A bin filled with geoducks](/s3/styles/full_width/s3/2024-04/DSC05053.jpg?itok=yhcRm7p3)
A bin of farmed geoducks. Credit: Megan Ewald/NOAA Fisheries
Geoduck (pronounced “gooey-duck”) are large clams found along the West Coast of the United States from Alaska to Baja California. There is both wild harvest and a growing geoduck aquaculture industry, particularly in Washington State. The majority of Washington's geoduck farming takes place in southern Puget Sound.
Appearance
- Geoducks are characterized by a small shell and very long siphon, or "neck."
- The long “neck” has two openings at the end—one for taking in oxygen and phytoplankton and one for releasing excess water.
Biology
- Geoducks are long-lived—the oldest ever recorded was 168 years old.
- Geoducks burrow into the sediment about 1 foot per year to a depth of 3 feet.
- In the first 3 to 5 years, geoducks grow to 1.5 pounds, though they may not reach maximum size (about 7 pounds) for 15 years.
- Females release between 1 and 2 million eggs per spawn.
Scientific Classification
Kingdom | Animalia | Phylum | Mollusca | Class | Bivalvia | Order | Adapedonta | Family | Hiatellidae | Genus | Panopea | Species | generosa |
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Last updated by NOAA Fisheries on 05/20/2024
What We Do
Sustainable Fisheries Management
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Science
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Featured News
![NOAA Aquaculture Strategic Plan (2022) report cover. A montage of aquaculture photos: Kampachi swimming, Ulva on oyster bags, Alakoko Fishpond (Hawai’i), net pen aquaculture, oyster farmers at work, raw oysters, mussel longlines, a hand holding bay scallops, and hard shell clams.](/s3/styles/inline_field_thumbnail/s3/2022-10/noaa-aquaculture-strategic-plan-2023-2028-feature-image.png?h=d722101d&itok=sBrGarIJ)
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Seafood Facts
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Are Geoducks Sustainable?
U.S. farmed geoducks are a smart seafood choice because they are sustainably grown and harvested under U.S. state and federal regulations.
![Environmental Impact Icon](/themes/custom/noaa_components/images/fishwatch-seafood-icon.png)
Availability
Available year-round.
![Feeds Icon](/themes/custom/noaa_components/images/fishwatch-seafood-icon.png)
Source
Washington State and Alaska.
![Farming Methods Icon](/themes/custom/noaa_components/images/fishwatch-seafood-icon.png)
Taste
The neck is tough and crunchy, while the belly meat is tender and sweet.
![Human Health Icon](/themes/custom/noaa_components/images/fishwatch-seafood-icon.png)
Health Benefits
Geoducks are excellent sources of protein and iron.
Nutrition Facts
Servings: 1; Serving Weight: 100 g; Calories: 74; Protein: 12.77 g; Total Fat: 1 g; Total Saturated Fatty Acids: 0.1 g; Carbohydrate: 0 g; Total Sugars: 0 g; Total Dietary Fiber: 34 mg; Sodium: 56 mgMore Information
Last updated by NOAA Fisheries on 05/20/2024
Seafood News
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Last updated by NOAA Fisheries on 05/20/2024
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- Geoducks are long-lived—the oldest ever recorded was 168 years old.
- Geoducks burrow into the sediment about 1 foot per year to a depth of 3 feet.
- In the first 3 to 5 years, geoducks grow to 1.5 pounds, though they may not reach maximum size (about 7 pounds) for 15 years.
- Females release between 1 and 2 million eggs per spawn.
Population Status
Population Status WYSIWYG
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Fishery Management
Fishery Management WYSIWYG
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Last updated by NOAA Fisheries on 05/20/2024
Aquaculture
U.S. farmed geoduck are a smart seafood choice because they are sustainably grown and harvested under U.S. state and federal regulations.
![Environmental Impact Icon](/themes/custom/noaa_components/images/species--environmental-impact.png)
Environmental Impact
Geoducks provide net environmental benefits by removing excess nutrients and improving water quality.
![Feeds Icon](/themes/custom/noaa_components/images/species--feeds.png)
Feeds
Growing geoducks requires no feed—they filter phytoplankton directly from the water column.
![Farming Methods Icon](/themes/custom/noaa_components/images/species--farming-methods.png)
Farming Methods
Geoducks are planted in PVC pipes on intertidal beaches until they are large enough to burrow into the sediment.
![Human Health Icon](/themes/custom/noaa_components/images/species--human-health.png)
Human Health
Shellfish toxins and bacteria occur naturally in the environment and can cause foodborne illnesses. State and federal regulations require monitoring of farmed geoducks to ensure they are safe to eat.
Management
- Permitting for shellfish aquaculture is governed by federal, state, and local governments.
- The federal agencies involved are NOAA, the Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Food and Drug Administration, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, and the Coast Guard.
- Information on shellfish aquaculture permitting can be found in the Shellfish Growers Guide (PDF, 10 pages).
- A variety of shellfish aquaculture tools, including maps and models, are available to coastal managers.
- All fisheries and aquaculture farms in federal waters must adhere to federal regulations including those in the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation & Management Act, the Endangered Species Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Marine Mammal Protection Act.
Farming Methods
- Juvenile geoduck (seed) production:
- Geoduck larvae are bred in on-land hatcheries and fed a diet of algae.
- Larvae set within 3 weeks and are grown in tanks with shallow sand until they reach about 4 to 6 mm.
- Grow-out:
- Geoduck seed are planted in PVC pipes in the sediment of intertidal beaches.
- The PVC pipes, often covered by nets, protect the juvenile geoducks until they grow large enough to burrow into the sediment safe from predators.
- Grow-out can take 4 to 7 years for a geoduck to reach harvest size of 2 pounds.
Production
- In 2016, the United States produced 9.7 million pounds of clams, including geoducks, valued at $138 million.
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Feeds
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Environmental Considerations
- Habitat:
- Geoduck farming can have minimal impacts within the first 1 to 2 years of grow-out when PVC pipe and net are present, but these effects disappear after removal.
- Geoduck harvesting causes minimal impacts on the benthic communities.
- PVC pipe and net can affect eelgrass growth, so geoduck farms are not planted where eelgrass is present.
- Feeds:
- Once past the larval stage, geoducks do not need to be fed because they filter their food from the water column.
Ecosystem Services
- Water quality improvements:
- Geoducks are filter-feeders, removing algae, organic matter and excess nutrients from the water column as they grow and improving water quality.
- When geoducks are harvested, excess nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, are removed from the ecosystem.
Human Health
- Shellfish toxins:
- Shellfish poisoning is an illness that can occur from eating contaminated shellfish.
- Geoducks can assimilate the toxins that cause shellfish poisoning from the algae on which they feed.
- Early warning systems exist to detect harmful algal blooms that produce toxins.
- New technologies, such as the Environmental Sample Processor, provide near real-time detection of harmful algal species.
- For more information on the prevention and monitoring of harmful algal blooms, read about NOAA's Harmful Algal Bloom forecasting program.
- Public health officials monitor shellfish from growing areas to ensure they are safe to eat.
More Information
Last updated by NOAA Fisheries on 05/20/2024
Science Overview
- Farming geoduck:
- Washington Sea Grant has developed insights and monitoring recommendations for Washington State geoduck farms.
- Ocean acidification:
- Acidification causes a number of changes in water chemistry that may be stressful to estuarine organisms.
- Ocean acidification and its impacts on shellfish are being investigated by NOAA and other labs. For more information, visit NOAA’s Ocean Acidification Program.
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- Voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.
- Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
- Geoducks are long-lived—the oldest ever recorded was 168 years old.
- Geoducks burrow into the sediment about 1 foot per year to a depth of 3 feet.
- In the first 3 to 5 years, geoducks grow to 1.5 pounds, though they may not reach maximum size (about 7 pounds) for 15 years.
- Females release between 1 and 2 million eggs per spawn.
Last updated by NOAA Fisheries on 05/20/2024
Documents
Alaska Mariculture Workshop Summary Report
Summary of a multi-day aquaculture workshop with more than 60 mariculture development stakeholders…
Geoduck Harvest Program Habitat Conservation Plan
The wild geoduck fishery in Washington State is jointly managed by the Washington Department of…
Research
Tide to Table Profiles: Chelsea Farms
Chelsea Farms is a shellfish grower located in Olympia, Washington.
Aquaculture Permitting in Alaska
Guidance and information on aquaculture leasing, permitting, and consultation processes for shellfish and seaweed farming in Alaska.
New NOAA Alaska Aquaculture Coordinator Moves Program Forward
Alicia Bishop brings 11 years of federal regulatory experience to new role as the Alaska Region’s Aquaculture Coordinator.
Geoduck Harvest Areas Cleared For Certification to China
Cleared Harvest Areas for Certification to China
Last updated by NOAA Fisheries on 05/20/2024