NOAA Fisheries’ 2023 5-year review finds the steelhead populations (Oncorhynchus mykiss) of the south-central California coast warrant continued protection as a threatened species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
Remnant populations of steelhead occupy watersheds from the Pajaro River (Monterey County) south to Arroyo Grande Creek (San Luis Obispo County), along the south-central coast of California.
The south-central California coast includes the Salinas River (one of the largest watersheds in California) and numerous small streams along the rugged Big Sur Coast. Populations in the larger watersheds, including the Pajaro, Carmel, Salinas, and Arroyo Grande rivers have suffered the largest declines of steelhead runs. Some sparsely developed watersheds along the Big Sur Coast and in northern San Luis Obispo County continue to support annual runs of steelhead, and a small catch-and-release sports fishery. This southernmost steelhead fishery in California is tightly regulated by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.
Continued threats to south-central California steelhead populations require comprehensive conservation action to recover these at-risk populations.
“We are at a crucial point where we can still help improve the resilience of the species to climate change, but that time is running out,” said Lisa Van Atta, Assistant Regional Administrator in NOAA Fisheries' West Coast Region.
The 5-year review highlights the declining population trends in response to drought conditions in all four Biogeographic Population Groups within south-central California and wildfires along the Big Sur Coast. It also looks at the impact from cannabis cultivation operations which have withdrawn water from many smaller streams.
A wide variety of alterations to the watersheds in south-Central California have led to sharp declines in steelhead populations. This is particularly important in the larger watersheds such as the Pajaro, Carmel, Salinas, and Arroyo Grande rivers with extensive water supply developments such as dams.
The prolonged drought in south-Central California from 2012 through 2017 has exacerbated the impacts of water supply and related land development on remnant steelhead populations. That has increased the urgency of the recovery actions identified in NOAA Fisheries’ 2013 South-Central California Coast Steelhead Recovery Plan.
"The small steelhead populations along the central coast have continued to persist through a record drought, but some populations with restricted access to historic spawning habitat have been hit hard,” said Mark Capelli, recovery coordinator for the species. “With the support and cooperation of CDFW and others, removal of fish passage barriers should increase the resilience of these populations, and move them towards recovery."
The review also summarizes the implementation of these actions. They include:
- New fish passage and screening projects
- Alternative water supply projects
- Flood control and sediment management projects to reduce impacts to steelhead rearing habitats
New research has also provided insights into the biology and habitat requirements of the species, which will better direct recovery actions.
Priority recovery actions include:
- Removing or modifying dams and other fish passage barriers
- Restoring flows in mainstems and tributaries
- Managing sediment and flood control activities
- Restoring riparian and estuary habitats
- Reducing excessive groundwater extractions for agriculture and urban uses
The South-Central California Coast Steelhead 5-year review is one of 28 reviews of West Coast salmon and steelhead species by NOAA Fisheries’ West Coast Region. The Endangered Species Act calls for a review of listed species at least every 5 years to determine if their listing status remains accurate or should be changed. The reviews also provide a report card on recovery, as outlined by each species’ recovery plan. The reviews identify the most critical threats to the species, and recommend key conservation actions that can increase the species’ likelihood of recovery.
Climate Impacts
The last 5 years have been hard on West Coast salmon and steelhead. Climate change and related impacts continue to degrade fish habitats, reducing summer flows and warming water temperatures. South-central California experienced a record-breaking drought from 2012 through 2017. The most recent extended drought in south-central California has resulted in prolonged closure of river mouths. This resulted in fewer opportunities for steelhead to enter coastal watersheds and reach upstream spawning and rearing habitat. While recent rains have temporarily alleviated some impacts, projected prolonged droughts pose an ongoing threat to steelhead populations of the south-central California coast.
A series of marine heatwaves have also reduced steelhead ocean survival and growth in the North Pacific Ocean. They increase algal and diatom blooms that can affect the productivity of steelhead prey or shift the species to less suitable prey. For the California Current region, sea surface temperatures reached record high levels from 2014 to 2016; 2015 was the single warmest year in the historical record. Increasing ocean acidification and projected changes in coastal upwelling may undermine the growth and maturation of steelhead in the ocean. It could also reduce the size and condition of steelhead returning to their freshwater habitats to reproduce. This has resulted in the re-distribution of some pelagic marine species. The increase in Northern anchovy was particularly strong in central and southern California, where it serves as high quality prey for many species, including salmon and steelhead.
Extinction Risks
Some of the south-central steelhead populations are among the most threatened steelhead on the West Coast. According to the viability assessment completed by NOAA Fisheries’ Southwest Fisheries Science Center, many of these populations, particularly in the Interior Coast Range and San Luis Obispo Coast Terrace, face a high risk of extinction. Current trends for this species in larger watersheds remain of particular concern. The persistence of the populations over the challenging conditions of the last 5 years is a testament to their resiliency. However, climate change poses a systemic, long-term threat that will require ambitious conservation action to prevent further decline and ultimately promote the recovery of the species.
Recovery Progress
NOAA Fisheries and co-managers (California Department of Fish and Wildlife, U.S. Forest Service, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), and many other public and private stakeholders have implemented or are pursuing a wide variety of recovery actions in NOAA Fisheries’ South-Central California Coast Steelhead Recovery Plan.
Major recovery efforts include the removal of San Clemente Dam on the Carmel River along with ongoing studies of the upstream Los Padres Dam. They are expected to restore the historically large steelhead runs on the Carmel River. Studies of instream flow and fish passage on the Salinas River and its major tributaries (Nacimiento River and San Antonio River) are also expected to benefit the species in this core recovery watershed. Fish passage and riparian restoration projects in the Morro Bay watershed and southern San Luis Obispo County have also improved habitat conditions for a number of smaller steelhead populations.
Recent studies have improved understanding of the genetic architecture underlying mixed coastal populations of native steelhead and rainbow trout. They have shown how the relationship between the migratory and non-migratory form of the species contributes to the persistence of both forms. This work also underscores the importance of removing or modifying artificial barriers to restore interactions between these two life-history forms within core recovery watersheds in south-central California.
Research on the Big Sur Coast has also documented dispersal of steelhead from their natal watersheds to non-natal watersheds. This work suggests how natural dispersal could be an important mechanism for re-colonizing habitat where steelhead have been eliminated by physical modification of habitats such as construction of artificial barriers such as dams or road crossings or natural hazards including wildfire, debris flows, droughts, or catastrophic floods.
NOAA Fisheries—in cooperation with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife—has completed a comprehensive steelhead monitoring plan. It integrates steelhead viability monitoring, recovery plans, and fisheries management in the Southern Coastal Area of California. The monitoring strategy provides a more efficient and rigorous method of updating future status reviews, and tracking the effectiveness of recovery actions.
New research and monitoring guidance provides managers important tools to direct the recovery of south-central California coast steelhead. Future progress in the recovery of this threatened species will require the continued collaboration of a wide variety of stakeholders to implement the recommended recovery actions.
Read the full 5-year review for the South-Central California Coast Steelhead
NOAA Fisheries has released the 2023 5-year review for steelhead populations in south-central California protected by the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
The review provides an updated:
- Summary of the listing history of the species
- Description of the criteria used to assess the status of the species
- Report on steelhead research since the last status review
- Information on the status of individual steelhead populations
- Assessment of ongoing and emerging threats to steelhead habitats
- Summary of recovery actions undertaken for individual steelhead populations
- Assessment of current state and federal regulatory and funding programs
- Report on broad-scale climate and related ocean changes
- Comprehensive set of recommendations for future steelhead recovery actions
